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Socioeconomic Determinants of National Hospital Insurance Fund Health Contributions and Absorption: A Time Series Investigation Among the Counties in Kenya
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
1-13
Received:
25 January 2021
Accepted:
2 February 2021
Published:
20 February 2021
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to analyze socioeconomic determinants of National Hospital Insurance Fund Health contributions and absorption. The investigation was conducted in two study areas; the 47 counties and NHIF. First, the investigation targeted the 47 County Governments in Kenya. The study collected secondary data on the socioeconomic variables including; level of education, level of income and GDP from the respective 47 counties in Kenya collected from the Kenya Economic Review (2014-2020). The second investigation area was NHIF where collecting the annual audited financial statements from the NHIF between 2013/2014 – 2019/2020 financial years obtained from Kenya Auditor General, a total of 7 years resulting into 329 observations. The investigation employed a mixed research design, descriptive research design and casual-correlation research design. Findings on the relationship between educational level and income the socioeconomic determinants and NHIF contributions, the study established significant relationship between county education level (r=0.2813, p=0.010), counties income (r=6.3706, p=0.048) and NHIF contributions. Therefore the hypothesis HO1 that individual socioeconomic factors among the 47 counties in Kenya do not significantly influence NHIF contribution was rejected. On the other hand, findings on the relationship between socioeconomic determinants and NHIF absorptions, at individual socioeconomic determinants level significant relationship between education level, the study established significant relationship between county education level (r=0.02863, p=0.007), counties income (r=6.3906, p=0.040) and NHIF absorptions. Therefore the hypothesis HO2 that individual socioeconomic factors among the 47 counties in Kenya do not significantly influence NHIF absorption was rejected. Further findings on relationship between combined socioeconomic determinants and NHIF contributions established that all the determinants including counties GDP had significant relationship with NHIF contributions (Counties education level r=0. 02708, p=0.015, counties income level r=0. 0220, p=0.005, counties GDP r=-1.17749, p=0.015). The hypothesis HO3 that the combined socioeconomic factors among the 47 counties in Kenya do not significantly influence NHIF contribution was rejected. Concerning the relationship between the combined socioeconomic determinants and NHIF absorption, the study also established that all the determinants including counties GDP had significant relationship with NHIF absorptions (Counties education level r=0.02766, p=0.010, counties income level r=0.0224, p=0.003, counties GDP r-1.207783, p=0.010). The hypothesis HO4 that the combined socioeconomic factors among the 47 counties in Kenya do not significantly influence NHIF absorption was rejected.
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to analyze socioeconomic determinants of National Hospital Insurance Fund Health contributions and absorption. The investigation was conducted in two study areas; the 47 counties and NHIF. First, the investigation targeted the 47 County Governments in Kenya. The study collected secondary data on the socioeconomic v...
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Medical Expenses Analysis of Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in China
Li Liu,
Xue Yu,
Jing Deng
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
14-22
Received:
28 January 2021
Accepted:
6 February 2021
Published:
20 February 2021
Abstract: Objective Diabetes is one of the most serious and most critical health problems facing the world in the 21st century. The number of patients is increasing year by year, and it has a huge impact and burden on individuals and families, society and the country. This study estimates the medical expenses of diabetes in China and provides a basis for implementing diabetes prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Using the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the propensity score matching (PSM) was used to solve the sample selection bias to study the impact of diabetes on residents' outpatient, hospitalization and total direct health expenditure. At the same time, attribution analysis is used to measure the part of the health expenditure of Chinese diabetic patients attributable to diabetes. Results Diabetes significantly increased the health expenditure of residents. The outpatient, hospitalization and total direct health expenditures of Chinese diabetic patients were significantly higher than those of non-diabetic patients. Among them, the difference in hospitalization expenses was the largest; 62.69% of the total expenditures of Chinese diabetic patients were attributed to diabetes. Conclusion Diabetes medical expenses are high, and diabetes-related treatment costs are high. We should expand the support and awareness of diabetes-related medical insurance compensation policies, strengthen early diabetes intervention and health education, and improve drug compensation policies to effectively reduce diabetes medical expenses.
Abstract: Objective Diabetes is one of the most serious and most critical health problems facing the world in the 21st century. The number of patients is increasing year by year, and it has a huge impact and burden on individuals and families, society and the country. This study estimates the medical expenses of diabetes in China and provides a basis for imp...
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The Incidence of Economic Freedom and Foreign Direct Investment in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Tunisia
Kaddachi Hayet,
Ben Zina Naceur
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
23-30
Received:
14 September 2020
Accepted:
26 November 2020
Published:
26 March 2021
Abstract: Economic freedom is one of the most important factors in increasing economic growth. Thus, it affects the spillover effects of FDI through the improvement of the absorption capacity in the host countries. In this context, this thesis aims to study the macroeconomic impact of economic freedom on foreign direct investment inflows by basing empirical evidence for data from Tunisia over a period from 1980 to 2017. Using the famous economic method of generalized moments (GMM), the results of the estimates show that FDI positively affects economic growth and requires a high level of economic freedom, and makes it possible to increase the absorption capacity in host countries and '' attract more investors. Economic freedom increases FDI inflows to 0.098 units. More precisely, Tunisia also refers to the positive impact of economic freedom on FDI.
Abstract: Economic freedom is one of the most important factors in increasing economic growth. Thus, it affects the spillover effects of FDI through the improvement of the absorption capacity in the host countries. In this context, this thesis aims to study the macroeconomic impact of economic freedom on foreign direct investment inflows by basing empirical ...
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Effectiveness Optimization of an Automatic Medicine Dispenser Based on the Entry-Item-Quantity ABC Analysis Method and Track Utilization Rate Algorithm
Fengling Li,
Yixuan Zhong,
Huiting Zhong,
Xiuyue Zeng
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
31-37
Received:
1 March 2021
Accepted:
20 March 2021
Published:
26 March 2021
Abstract: Modern hospital pharmacies are undergoing broad-scale shifts toward informatization and automation. With the widespread use of automated medicine dispensing systems in major Chinese hospitals, their application value has been increasingly confirmed. However, relative to other countries, automation of China’s pharmacies was relatively delayed, and the use of imported automated equipment in domestic hospital pharmacies dealing with an enormous prescription burden poses substantial challenges in maintaining high automation efficiency when the hospital patient flow is at its peak. Objective to optimize the medicine storage system of automatic medicine dispensers and to improve the automation efficiency of pharmacies using the entry-item-quantity (EIQ)-ABC analysis method and a track utilization rate algorithm. Methods A total of 76,069 prescriptions from the CONSIS automated medicine dispensing system of medicine dispensing system of our hospital’s outpatient pharmacy were selected in June 2020, and the EIQ-ABC analysis method was used to perform associative classification of the dispensing volume and frequency of each medicine. The varieties of medicines in the automatic dispenser were adjusted according to the classification results, and then, the storage space of medicines was optimized using a track utilization rate algorithm. The performance of this method was evaluated by comparing the automatic rate of the dispensing volume, and the real-time window dispensing rate and prescription ratio before and after optimization. Results After the implementation of the EIQ-ABC analysis method and track utilization rate algorithm, the average automation rate of dispensing volume, real-time window average dispensing rate, and real-time window average prescription ratio increased by 2.46%, 4.4%, and 4.87%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those before implementation (P < 0.05). Conclusion Using the EIQ-ABC analysis method and the track utilization algorithm to optimize the varieties and storage space of medicines in an automatic medicine dispenser can fully utilize storage space, reduce instances of lack of medicine in the dispenser, and improve the fully automatic dispensing rate.
Abstract: Modern hospital pharmacies are undergoing broad-scale shifts toward informatization and automation. With the widespread use of automated medicine dispensing systems in major Chinese hospitals, their application value has been increasingly confirmed. However, relative to other countries, automation of China’s pharmacies was relatively delayed, and t...
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